References - Microcystins in Fish

Abramsson-Zetterberg L, Sundh UB, Mattsson R (2010). Cyanobacterial extracts and microcystin-LR are inactive in the micronucleus assay in vivo and in vitro. Mutat Res 699:5-10

Bates B, Lennox A, Prentice A, Bates C, Page P, Nicholson S, Swan G (2014). National Diet and Nutrition Survey Results from Years 1, 2, 3 and 4 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009 – 2011/2012).

Bates B, Cox L, Nicholson S, Page P, Prentice A, Steer T, Swan G (2016). National Diet and Nutrition Survey Results from Years 5 and 6 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2012/2013 – 2013/2014).

Bates B, Collins D, Jones K, Page P, Roberts C, Steer T, Swan G (2020). National Diet and Nutrition Survey Results from years 9, 10 and 11 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2016/2017 to 2018/2019).

Carmichael WW, Azevedo SMFO, An JS, Molica RJ, Jochimsen EM, Lau S, Rinehart KL, Shaw GR, Eaglesham GK (2001). Human fatalities from cyanobacteria: chemical and biological evidence for cyanotoxins. Environ Health Perspect 109(7):663-8.

DAERA (2023). Summary of blue-green algae monitoring in bathing waters and nearby sites. November 2023. Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs. Downloaded 23/2/2024.

Falconer IR, Beresford AM, Runnegar MTC (1983). Evidence of liver damage by toxin from a bloom of the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa. Med J Aust 1(11):511–14.

Falfushynska H, Kasianchuk N, Siemens E, Henao E, Rzymski P (2023). A review of common cyanotoxins and their effects on fish. Toxics 11(2):118.

Fawell JK, Mitchell RE, Everett DJ, Hill RE (1999). The toxicity of cyanobacterial toxins in the mouse: I. Microcystin–LR. Hum Exper Toxicol 18:162–67.

Heinz R (1999). Toxicity of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR to rats after 28 days intake with the drinking water. Environ Toxicol 14(1):57-60. 

Hilborn ED, Soares RM, Servaites JC, Delgado AG, Magalhães VF, Carmichael WW, Azevedo SMFO (2013). Sublethal microcystin exposure and biochemical outcomes among hemodialysis patients. PLoS One 8(7):1–9.

IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (2010). Ingested nitrate and nitrite, and cyanobacterial peptide toxins. Geneva: IARC (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 94).

Mohamed ZA, Bakr A, Soliman HA (2018). Bioavailability of bound microcystins in mice orally fed with contaminated tilapia edible tissues: Implications to human health. Toxicon 151:34-36.

MSC (2021). MSC Insights: Sustainable fishing, higher yields and the global food supply. Marine Stewardship Council, January 2021. Downloaded 7/12/2023.

Roberts C, Steer T, Maplethorpe N, Cox L, Meadows S, Page P, Nicholson S, Swan G (2018). National Diet and Nutrition Survey Results from Years 7 and 8 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2014/2015 – 2015/2016).

Testai E, Buratti FM, Funari E, Manganelli M, Vichi S, Arnich N, Biré R, Fessard V, Sialehaamoa A (2016). Review and analysis of occurrence, exposure and toxicity of cyanobacteria toxins in food. EFSA supporting publication 2016:EN-998. 309 pp. Downloaded on 18/9/2023.

Ueno Y, Makita Y, Nagata S Tsutsumi T, Yoshada F, Tamura S-I, Sekijima M, Tashiro F, Harada T, Yoshida T (1999). No chronic oral toxicity of a low-dose of microcystin-LR, a cyanobacterial hepatoxin, in female Balb/C mice. Environ Toxicol 14(1):45-55.

WHO (2020). Cyanobacterial toxins: microcystins. Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality and Guidelines for safe recreational water environments. Geneva, World Health Organization (WHO/HEP/ECH/WSH/2020.6). Downloaded on 18/9/2023.